What approach involves officers identifying and responding to underlying issues behind calls for service?

The correct choice highlights Problem-oriented Policing as the approach where officers focus on identifying and addressing the underlying issues behind calls for service. This strategy goes beyond simply responding to incidents as they occur; it emphasizes understanding and mitigating the root causes of those incidents. Officers engage in analysis, gather data related to crime patterns, and collaborate with community members and local organizations to develop targeted strategies that can lead to long-term solutions to problems.

In contrast, Community Policing mainly centers around building relationships and partnerships within the community to enhance public safety, though it may not always delve deeply into the underlying issues of every individual call. Reactive Policing is primarily about responding to calls for service after the fact, without necessarily addressing any underlying issues, while Proactive Policing involves anticipating and preventing crime before it happens, which might not always include an analysis of previous calls to uncover root causes.

Thus, Problem-oriented Policing is distinctive in its focus on the comprehensive evaluation and resolution of problems, rather than merely addressing incidents as they arise.